Date: December 3, 2009
Source: Keep America Beautiful
A new study declares that littering in America has decreased by 61% in the last 40 years, but remains to be a significant and costly problem. The study is considered by its author Keep America Beautiful (KAB) to be the largest litter study ever conducted in the US as it attempts to identify and quantify many of the causes, effects and costs of litter in America. To do this, KAB conducted behavioral studies observing nearly 10,000 individuals in 130 locations in 10 states and measured roadway litter in 45 metropolitan areas nationwide. Among its many findings are that litter costs $11.5 billion per year, not including significant indirect costs associated with decreased property values, commerce and tourism in blighted areas, and related adverse health effects. The study estimates that there are 51.2 billion pieces of litter on roadways, equal to 6,729 pieces of litter for every mile. The biggest culprits are smokers whose butts comprise 38% of all items littered. 81% of all littering was foundto be intentional and 15% of littering was influenced by the presence of existing litter or the lack of available waste receptacles. Older people tend not to litter as much but men and women are equally guilty.
According to John Culbertson, Principal of MidAtlantic Solid Waste Consultants and one of the primary researchers on the project, there were actually two studies conducted - one to measure the amount of litter on our nation's roadways and certain other non-roadway areas, and one to determine how often people actually exhibit littering behavior and what contributes to such behavior. "There was definitely a great deal of interest and excitement over the litter research. It is very impressive to have nationally representative data about litter rates and the various behaviors that generate litter. The data contained in these reports will take months to fully analyze."
PRESS RELEASE
Despite Significant Improvements Over the Past 40 Years, Litter Remains a Significant and Costly Problem.
WASHINGTON – (Dec. 3, 2009) – National nonprofit Keep America Beautiful (www.kab.org) has announced the results of the largest litter study ever conducted in the U.S. The study identifies and dissects the causes, effects and costs of litter in America, and is the first major national survey of litter in the U.S. in 40 years.
Behavioral studies observed nearly 10,000 individuals in 130 locations in 10 states. Quantitative surveys measured roadway litter in GIS-selected samplings of 45 metropolitan areas nationwide, as well as 180 non-roadway sample locations.
"Our research clearly shows that while major progress has been made in reducing litter, more remains to be done,” said Matthew M. McKenna, president and CEO of Keep America Beautiful, Inc. “By combining strong, targeted public education and outreach with a better infrastructure of trash, ash and recycling receptacles, communities can reduce litter and its costly impact.”
KEY FINDINGS:
In the past 40 years, since 1968, the amount of litter in America has decreased by 61% nationwide, a change attributed to aggressive, long-term public education and cleanup programs. Yet litter remains a costly and often underestimated problem for the environment and quality of life.
Litter conservatively costs our nation $11.5 billion per year. These are direct costs, including cleanup and prevention programs, and are carried largely by businesses and taxpayers. Not included in this figure are significant indirect costs:
Decreased property values. 93% of homeowners, 55% of real estate agents and 90% of property appraisers surveyed stated that a littered neighborhood would decrease their assessment of a home’s value
"Opportunity Costs” such as decreased commerce and tourism in blighted areas
Health effects and related costs of littered environments
The study concludes that at least 51.2 billion pieces of litter are left on roadways in the U.S.; an average of 6,729 pieces of litter per mile.
Cigarette butts comprise 38% of all items littered on the highways, streets, parks and playgrounds (in urban, suburban and rural areas of America).
People matter. Most littering observed in the study -- 81%-- was committed “with intent” by the individual, and was mainly attributable to lack of individual awareness or sense of obligation. The study showed that 17% of all observed disposals were classified as “improper” or littering.
Context matters. 15% of all littering can be attributed to context. The strongest contextual contributor to littering is the prevalence of existing litter. Other contextual variables affecting litter are the number of trash or ash receptacles present, and the distance between receptacles.
Age matters. Older individuals (30 and over) littered less than younger individuals, but gender was surprisingly not related to litter rates.
RECOMMENDATIONS:
Education and cleanups work. Clearly, intense education and cleanup efforts have been the primary contributors to the significant decrease in litter over the past 40 years.
More receptacles work. Distance to receptacles is a strong predictor of littering behavior.
More recycling infrastructure is needed. Only 12% of public spaces surveyed had recycling receptacles.
Funding is needed. Corporations, foundations and government should all be taking the lead in funding /sponsoring education programs, volunteer programs and infrastructure. As with most societal issues, prevention is far less costly than remediation.
Keep America Beautiful commissioned this series of studies in 2008 and 2009 with funding from Philip Morris USA, an Altria Company. Behavioral research was conducted by Action Research, Inc., led by Wes Schultz, Professor of Psychology at California State University. The visible litter and litter cost study was conducted by Mid Atlantic Solid Waste Consultants, LLC, led by Steven Stein and John Culbertson.
Full copies of the Executive Summary and research are available online at www.kab.org/research09.
About Keep America Beautiful, Inc.
Keep America Beautiful, Inc., established in 1953, is the nation's largest volunteer-based community action and education organization. With a network of over 1,200 affiliate and participating organizations, Keep America Beautiful forms public-private partnerships and programs that engage individuals to take greater responsibility for improving their community’s environment. To learn more about Keep America Beautiful, go to www.kab.org.
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